Former communist countries in East-Central Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States and Asia have been heading towards capitalism. This book sets their experience against the 'varieties of capitalism' paradigm, which sets out differences between mature market economies. It thereby provides a useful and novel framework for comparing transformation processes and demonstrates how the rather different heritages of the communist and even pre-communist pasts are leading to different kinds of capitalist economies. The book focuses on the former European communist societies but also has chapters on Kazakhstan and China.