This is the second volume to emerge from the cell signaling meeting in Luxembourg (see Part A) to discuss therapeutic applications in the field of signal transduction, transcription, and translation. These meetings and the volumes comprising their proceedings have brought forward new insights in this rapidly moving field. These volumes focus on the therapeutic potential for targeting cell signaling mechanisms with particular attention to cancer therapies and inflammatory signaling pathways as well as immunomodulation. Part B focuses on basic research, and the chapters are divided into the following sections: oxidative stress, transcriptional control, HDAC, and novel technological and therapeutic approaches.