Novel antibodies against receptors, protein kinase inhibitors, and antisense oligonucleotides targeting both signal transduction and gene expression will predominate the therapeutic approaches in the coming decades. This volume is part of a series of meetings held in Luxembourg to discuss therapeutic applications in the field of signal transduction, transcription, and translation. These meetings and the volumes comprising their proceedings have brought forward new insights in this rapidly moving field. Chapters on hypoxia signal transduction, phosphoserine/threonine-binding domains, targeting of polycomb repressive complexes, conserved signaling mechanisms in innate immunity, and signal transduction by stress-activated MAP kinases have been provided by the keynote speakers at the meeting. Other topics included among these reports on recent research are receptor signaling, protein kinase cascades as therapeutic targets, cell death in cancer, inflammation-specific signaling, cell signaling pathways leading to regulated chromatin modifications, and transcriptional control. Part A focuses on basic research, and the chapters are divided into the following sections: apoptotic cell signaling mechanisms, extracellular matrix interactions, and MAP kinases.