Thoroughly revised and updated, this Fourth Edition is the only current book that integrates cellular and subcellular elements of cardiovascular physiology in the analysis of physiologic and pathophysiologic responses. In straightforward terms, with over 600 diagrams and illustrations, the book explains the key principles crucial to understanding how the cardiovascular system and its components function and malfunction.In addition, for this edition Dr. Opie has enlisted eight internationally eminent co-authors and also added a new chapter on cell signaling. As well as this, the chapters on physiology of the ECG and arrhythmias contain many more ECGs, and over half of the illustrations (including 12 colour plates) are new.