Surveying

This updated edition contains the same breadth and depth as previous editions with pertinent chapter topics divided into two parts. Part A covers elementary topics and Part B covers advanced topics. This innovative design, coupled with the most recent developments in technology, complements first- and second-level courses in surveying without losing its value as a reference textbook.Completely new chapters covering current topics as Global Positioning System (GPS) and Mapping, Digital Mapping, Spatial Information Systems, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been added.New appendixes include elementary mathematical concepts, coordinate transformations, and introduction to probability and statistics.Significant revisions have been introduced in the material about surveying adjustments, coordinate frames and map projections, and photogrammetry.Development of least squares adjustments has been consolidated, but applications are distributed in the appropriate chapters.Coverage of the total station system and data collector has been enlarged and included in all areas of application. Integrated error propagation and adjustment of measurements is introduced as students learn appropriate surveying techniques and operations.