This volume highlights new insights into the mechanisms of bone development, including cellular and mechanical factors, receptors, and signaling pathways and their role in both normative and pathologic states of bone. The second of two volumes, this volume comprises three sections: (1) new insights on the interaction of blood vessels and bone, particularly the role of angiogenic signals and hypoxia in osteogenesis and bone repair, as well as the dysregulation of transcription factors causing arterial calcification; (2) a new theme and (3) the clinical and therapeutic challenges in bone, stone, and joint diseases, and areas such as identification of high-risk patients, advent of novel therapeutic targets, genetic aberrations causing bone disease, and issues surrounding bone loss in malignancy, hyperparathyroidism, and adrenal disorders.