This book is the first to discuss specimen preparation for X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), powerful analytical tools for determining molecular composition and structure. Written to help either beginners or experienced X-ray analysts, it offers detailed information on the correct ways to select a sample from a bulk material and prepare a specimen from the sample, thus avoiding serious and costly errors in analysis. Each chapter provides essential theoretical background, step-by-step methods, suggestions about finding necessary equipment needed, and recommended literature references.