After evidence based medicine, how do we implement the recommendations in clinical practice? Thoroughly revised and updated, this work draws together the key issues including: criteria for implementation; evidence based practice for providers; health economics; and decision analysis. clinical effectiveness and methods of dissemination; closing the gap between research and practice; implementing research findings into practice - beyond the information deficit model; roles for lay people in the implementation of health care; using research findings in clinical practice; evidence-based policy making; barriers and bridges to evidence based clinical practice; decision support; decision analysis and the implementation of research findings; implementing research findings in developing countries; opportunity costs on trial - new options for encouraging implementation of results from economic evaluation; changing clinical practice in the light of evidence.